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Can you trust the information coming from Washington, the media, and the Internet?This classic work on critical thinking uses a novel approach to teach the basics of informal logic. On the assumption that \"it takes one to know one,\" the authors have written the book from the point of view of someone who wishes to deceive, mislead, or manipulate others. Having mastered the art of deception, readers will then be able to detect the misuse or abuse of logic when they encounter it in others -- whether in a heated political debate or while trying to evaluate the claims of a persuasive sales person. Using a host of real-world examples, the authors show you how to win an argument, defend a case, recognize a fallacy, see through deception, persuade a skeptic, and turn defeat into victory. 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It is now our pleasure to include A. A. Zi- nov'ev's treatise on complex logic among these volumes. Zinov'ev is one of the most creative of modern Soviet logicians, and at the same time an innovative worker on the methodological foundations of science. More- over, Zinov'ev, although still a developing scholar, has exerted a sub- stantial and stimulating influence upon his colleagues and students in Moscow and within other philosophical and logical circles of the Soviet Union. Hence it may be helpful, in bringing this present work to an English-reading audience, to review briefly some contemporary Soviet investigations into scientific methodology. During the 1950's, a vigorous new research program in logic was under- taken, and the initial published work -characteristic of most Soviet pub- lications in the logic and methodology of the sciences - was a collection of essays, Logical Investigations (Moscow, 1959). 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Simon, and Clark Gly- mour), and (ii) on a particular topic that invites such interaction, namely computational models of the mind (with contributions by Gilbert Harman, John Haugeland, Jay McClelland, and Allen Newell). The second part con- tains (mostly informal) reports on concrete research done within that enter- prise; the research topics range from decision theory and the philosophy of economics through foundational problems in mathematics to issues in aes- thetics and computational linguistics. 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Font, Ventura Verdu 53 TWO LEVELS OF MODALITY: AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH Boguslaw Wolniewicz 63 ELZENBERG'S LOGIC OF VALUES Jerzy Szymura WHEN MAY G. E. MOORE'S DEFINITION OF AN INTERNAL RELATION BE USED RATIONALLY? 71 II. Historical Perspective J6zef M. Bochenski HISTORY OF LOGIC AND THE CRITERIA OF RATIONALITY 85 Jan Waszkiewicz, Agnieszka Wojciechowska ON THE ORIGIN OF REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM 87 vi CONTENTS Ewa arnecka-Bialy PREMONITION OF MATHEMATICAL LOGIC IN ARISTOTLE'S PRIOR ANALYTICS 97 Leopold Regner \"IMPOSSIBlLIA\" OF SIGER OF BRABANT 107 Tomasz Weber DEFENDING THESES IN MATHEMATICS AT A 19TH CENTURY UNIVERSITY 113 Gerhardt PlBchl BASIC NORM AND METALANGUAGE. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KELSEN'S IDEAS 125 m. Logic and Natural Language Marek Tokarz EARLY SYSTEMS OF FORMAL PRAGMATICS 151 Barbara Stanosz DEDUCTION AND THE CONCEPT OF ASSERTION 159 Helmut Metzler METHODOLOGICAL INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONALIZATION IN EMPIRICAL SOCIAL SCIENCES 167 Jaroslaw Fall GAME-THEORETICAL SEMANTICS APPLIED TO DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANAPHORA 177 Karl-Heinz Krampitz ON LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ORDINARY SENTENCES 191 Anna Madarasz GAME THEORETICAL SEMANTICS WITH VALUE-GAPS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 199 Andrzej Lachwa THE SEMANTIC AND FORMAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TEXT COMPONENTS 221 Index of Names 227 L. .::1. . t G. Elizabeth ANSCOMBE - University of Cambridge, England J6zef M.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46190826553521,"sku":"9789401067942","price":71.5,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_333a0e66-1d16-4a9a-b8d8-dbfd3bf998f4.jpg?v=1762998225"},{"product_id":"meinongianism","title":"Meinongianism","description":"Meinongianism (named after Alexius Meinong) is, roughly, the view that there are not only existent but also nonexistent objects. In this book, Meinong's so-called object theory as well as “neo-Meinongian” reconstructions are presented and discussed, especially with respect to logical issues, both from a historical and a systematic perspective. Among others, the following topics are addressed: basic principles and motivations for Meinongianism; the distinction between “there is” (“x”) and “exists” (“E!”); interpretations and kinds of quantification; Meinongianism, the principle of excluded middle and the principle of non-contradiction; the nuclear-extranuclear distinction and modes of predication; varieties of neo-Meinongianism and Meinongian logics.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46189194346673,"sku":"9781009181075","price":29.54,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46189194379441,"sku":"9781009507479","price":94.73,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_4c0d3c0a-3175-456d-8272-711af8cce74b.jpg?v=1763223785"},{"product_id":"collected-papers-on-epistemology-philosophy-of-science-and-history-of-philosophy","title":"Collected Papers on Epistemology, Philosophy of Science and History of Philosophy: Volume II","description":"These two volumes contain all of my articles published between 1956 and 1975 which might be of interest to readers in the English-speaking world. 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The concepts of model world and of logical space, together with those of homomorphism and isomorphism be- tween model worlds and between logical spaces, form the conceptual basis of the reconstruction.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46190655373489,"sku":"9789401011341","price":142.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46190655406257,"sku":"9789027706430","price":142.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Kobo eBook","offer_id":46190655439025,"sku":"c4695a32-a12b-3ef5-b88c-3b1237171fdd","price":115.99,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_af6ee94f-7a63-47fb-bf37-50aa769b2293.jpg?v=1763683370"},{"product_id":"logic-and-philosophy-in-the-lvov-warsaw-school","title":"Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov--Warsaw School","description":"The Lvov-Warsaw School was active in all spheres of philosophy. Its members worked in the border area between philosophy and disci- plines such as psychology, linguistics, and literary theory. But its most important achievements were without doubt in logic and philosophical analysis based on logic. The present book is concerned with fields to which the Lvov-Warsaw School made its most important and famous contributions. Data on the School as a whole are included only in the first and last part of the book. This work is based on my monograph (1985), which appeared in Polish. But it is not merely a translation, because some fragments of the Polish version have been omitted (e. g., the chapter on ethics), and some have been revised. Many persons helped me in my work on the book in Polish as well as on the present edition. I must first mention the late Izydora D mbska, to whom this book is dedicated. On various detailed issues I have availed myself of advice and information given to me by Stefan Amsterdamski, Zdzislaw Augustynek, Kazimierz Czarnota, Henryk Hii, Boleslaw Iwanus, Jacek Jadacki, Jacek KabziIiski, Stanislaw Kiczuk, Tomasz Komendzinski, Janina Kotarbinska, Czeslaw Lejewski, Jerzy Perzanowski, Marian Przet cki, the late Jerzy Slupecki, Klemens Szaniawski, Stefan Zamecki, Zbigniew Zwinogrodzki i Jan Zygmunt. I am indebted to Jaakko Hintikka for suggesting that my book be trans- lated into English and published by Reidel. 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The theme of the Entretiens was Logic and Philosophy (Logique et philosophie). The undersigned, then President of LI.P., was responsible for the planning of the programme. The programme was designed to consist of four sections with the headings Classical and Intuitionist Logic, Modal Logic and its Applications, Inductive Logic and its Applications, and Logic and Epistemology. The aim was also to convey to philosophers who are not experts in logic an informative and representative impression of some of the main sectors of the vast and rapidly expanding field of philosophical logic. At the same time it was thought that this impression should not be conveyed in the form of a series of survey papers but through presentations and discussions of specific topics falling under the main headings men- tioned above. For each section a rapporteur was nominated to read a paper and an interlocuteur to comment on it. The programme chairman is grateful that he was able to engage a representative selection of front rank philosophi- cal logicians to perform the various tasks. The papers and the comments are printed in this volume in the order in which they appeared in the Programme of the Entretiens.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46190657929393,"sku":"9789400988224","price":142.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46190657962161,"sku":"9789024722716","price":142.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Kobo eBook","offer_id":46190657994929,"sku":"1f3b06ed-5a2b-34ad-b440-5aa281b22c1d","price":115.99,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_468318c8-4382-406a-b153-189366a75fda.jpg?v=1762998225"},{"product_id":"virtues-of-the-mind","title":"Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge","description":"Almost all theories of knowledge and justified belief employ moral concepts and forms of argument borrowed from moral theories, but none of them pay attention to the current renaissance in virtue ethics.  This remarkable book is the first attempt to establish a theory of knowledge based on the model of virtue theory in ethics.  The book develops the concept of an intellectual virtue, and then shows how the concept can be used to give an account of the major concepts in epistemology, including the concept of knowledge.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46193847894193,"sku":"9780521578264","price":47.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46193847926961,"sku":"9780521570602","price":140.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_88556954-189b-47ec-8963-366785120b47.jpg?v=1763519789"},{"product_id":"carnap-brought-home","title":"Carnap Brought Home: The View from Jena","description":"\u003cdiv\u003eRudolf Carnap (1891-1970) was the most important philosopher of the movement known as logical empiricism or logical positivism, still the basis of much modern analytic philosophy. It was long thought that this movement had been destroyed by the polemics of Quine, Popper, and Kuhn. But recently, leading philosophers have been re-appraising this verdict. It is no longer universally agreed that Quine or Popper \"won\" their disputes with Carnap, and some have now been arguing that Kuhn’s ideas are—as Carnap himself thought—perfectly compatible with logical empiricism.\u003cbr\u003eThis volume presents the latest contributions to this discussion from both sides, and adds a number of new voices, who look at Carnap from a more international point of view — bringing out, for instance, the roots of his thought in Continental neo-Kantianism and Dilthey’s Lebensphilosophie, and stressing his deep commitment to political and cultural change. Carnap grew up in Jena, and in his student days was an active member there of the utopian \"Sera Group\", part of the German youth movement. At the same time, he was one of Frege’s few students, and was deeply influenced by him.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46193522671793,"sku":"9780812695519","price":54.5,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_48ba759a-aabc-46bf-8275-5dc644f8ffbf.jpg?v=1763409951"},{"product_id":"practical-rules","title":"Practical Rules: When We Need Them And When We Don't","description":"Rules proliferate; some are kept with a bureaucratic stringency bordering on the absurd, while others are manipulated and ignored in ways that injure our sense of justice. Under what conditions should we make exceptions to rules, and when should they be followed despite particular circumstances? The two dominant models in the current literature on rules are the particularist account and that which sees the application of rules as normative. Taking a position that falls between these two extremes, Alan Goldman is the first to provide a systematic framework to clarify when we need to follow rules in our moral, legal, and prudential decisions, and when we ought not to do so.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46192930619569,"sku":"9780521034074","price":53.85,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46192930652337,"sku":"9780521807296","price":91.95,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_82138e36-3a3f-4b26-83df-d451a33bd351.jpg?v=1763518476"},{"product_id":"deflating-existential-consequence","title":"Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism","description":"If we must take mathematical statements to be true, must we also believe in the existence of abstracta eternal invisible mathematical objects accessible only by the power of pure thought? Jody Azzouni says no, and he claims that the way to escape such commitments is to accept (as an essential part of scientific doctrine) true statements which are about objects that don't exist in any sense at all.\r\n Azzouni illustrates what the metaphysical landscape looks like once we avoid a militant Realism which forces our commitment to anything that our theories quantify. Escaping metaphysical straitjackets (such as the correspondence theory of truth), while retaining the insight that some truths are about objects that do exist, Azzouni says that we can sort scientifically-given objects into two categories: ones which exist, and to which we forge instrumental access in order to learn their properties, and ones which do not, that is, which are made up in exactly the same sense that fictional objects are. He offers as a case study a small portion of Newtonian physics, and one result of his classification of its ontological commitments, is that it does not commit us to absolute space and time.","brand":"None","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46193271865521,"sku":"9780195308679","price":56.5,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46193271898289,"sku":"9780195159882","price":115.5,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Kobo eBook","offer_id":46193271931057,"sku":"e3fe8ee5-2a58-34ea-9477-418573da566c","price":56.79,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0655\/8980\/5233\/files\/1_98866e8c-7e86-4138-b651-f5ec4dc6a95f.jpg?v=1763072333"}],"url":"https:\/\/iandigo.com\/collections\/logic.oembed","provider":"Indigo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}